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“According to Reza Zarrab, a Turkish- Iranian gold trader who was arrested in 2016 for allegedly violating sanctions against Iran, Turkey deposited  payments (in return for gas and oil imports from Iran) into Iranian accounts opened at the state-owned Turkish bank Halkbank, converted funds to gold through a series of shell companies and fictitious trades, and transferred them to Iran  until July 2013, when gold was added to the U.S.  sanctions list. 
 Zarrab has implicated high- level Turkish officials who allegedly received bribes and payments, including the former interior minister, the former economy minister, and even President  Erdogan, who was prime minister at the time. “

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